.. On the other hand, very few studies investigated the potential effects of propolis on coronaviruses (Bachevski et al., 2020a;Debiaggi et al., 1990). Propolis is rich in phenolics and flavonoids (see Table 2), several in vitro and in silico studies confirmed anti-coronavirus activity of propolis flavonoids like chrysin and kaempferol that were found to inhibit virus replication in vitro (Debiaggi et al., 1990) and quercetin and its derivatives that inhibit the SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV main protease in vitro besides their aminopeptidase activity and their ability to modulate the unfolded protein response (UPR) utilized by the virus to complete the replication cycle (Bachevski et al., 2020b;Berretta et al., 2020;Polansky and Lori, 2020;Sahlan et al., 2020;Scorza et al., 2020;Shaldam, n.d.;Syed and Saleem, 2004).

Taken together and based on recent and previous findings about propolis immunomodulator and antiviral activity, it could be used as adjuvant therapy to control the severe inflammatory reaction especially the cytokine storm associated with COVID-19 infection aside from the protective effects of propolis phenolics and flavonoids against COVID-19. …

Side effects: Beyond allergic response, none known [according to long tradition, but there are always official sites where no food or herb is found to be safe….[some persons can be very allergic for propolis…test if first!]

The propolis should be checked for LEAD as bee hives may be painted with lead containing paint.

These should be of good quality https://www.iherb.com/tr/cb?pcodes=NFS-03161qty1sid0_HBP-80011qty1sid0&v=2&rcode=RKK609